Veterinarians Answer: Lyme Vaccine- Yay or Nay via My Dog's Symptoms

"The deer tick, Ixodes scapularis is the main carrier of the Borrelia burgdorferi. Photo by USDA." Jana Rade again called upon me and my fellow veterinary writers for My Dog's Symptoms . As we’ve moving into the moist and warmer days of spring, ticks will start to emerge that can bite your pet and potentially transmit bacteria capable of causing severe illness.

One such illness is Lyme disease, which is causes by a spirochete bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi. The best medicine for Lyme disease is prevention of tick bites. That works for some pets, but not for others pending on what part of the country in which they live and their lifestyle. For pets that may be susceptible to tick bites, giving a Lyme disease vaccine may be an appropriate part of their wellness protocol.

Learn more here Veterinarians Answer: Lyme Vaccine- Yay or Nay

After a year of finding ticks on Cookie back-to-back, we were deliberating what the best options were to protect her from tick-borne infections. Lyme disease is the disease most commonly transferred by ticks. Lyme vaccine did make it on the list of things we discussed.

What do veterinarians think about this measure to prevent Lyme disease?

*** The answer to the question where I practice is YES. Which means for some dogs Lyme vaccine will never be needed, and for some, it makes a lot of sense. In my area ticks are moderate in the probability of a pet having a tick attach and feed sometime over the course of a year. Secondly, a sampling of local ticks revealed 10% are infected with Lyme. Multiplying the two numbers we end up with a relatively low probability of Lyme disease being acquired by any given dog, any given year in our area. So I try to get people to concentrate on tick and flea control as those steps have high value to cost involved. This reduces the risk of attachment and feeding. Fleas are also controlled. The vaccine is for those that travel to higher Lyme disease risk areas than my LOCAL environment, for households not able to engage with reliable tick control, and for those with a desire to vaccinate and control the risks they can control. AGAIN these opinions are for MY area. Before deciding to or deciding not to vaccinate, ask someone who actually knows what the risks of Lyme are in your area. These comments are wrong for both a high-risk Lyme area and a zero risk Lyme area. Final thought, where I am there is a Rabies outbreak. Prioritize your pets preventative medicine measures according to the steps that grant the greatest value. —Dr. Rae Worden, DVM, Fergus Veterinary Hospital Dr. Rae on Facebook and Twitter *** In the United States, there are several vaccines available to help protect against Lyme disease. They all work by stimulating the production of antibodies against proteins expressed by Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent for Lyme Disease. These proteins are called outer surface proteins or Osp. Why is this important? OspA is expressed only when the bacteria in the mid-gut of ticks, and OspC is only expressed once the bacteria are inside dogs. Thus, ticks ingest the anti-OspA antibodies that subsequently kill the bacteria inside the tick. The anti-OspC antibodies attack the bacteria inside the dog. Patients who do not live in endemic areas should not be vaccinated. There is no evidence showing vaccinating seropositive dogs without clinical signs is indicated; indeed, this course of action may have consequences. For this reason, I recommend dogs be tested for exposure prior to receiving the vaccination. Vaccination may be appropriate for dogs living in a region where Lyme disease is prevalent. Dog parents should speak with their primary care doctors about the benefits, limitations, and potential risks of vaccination. Unquestionably the best method for preventing Lyme disease is aggressive, year-round tick control. There are many products available, and pet parents should speak with their family veterinarian to identify the best option for their fur babies. When possible, one should also avoid common tick habitats like wooded areas, overgrown lawns, and low-lying vegetation. —Dr. Christopher Byers, DVM, CriticalCareDVM Dr. Byers on Facebook and Twitter Related articles: Lyme Disease in Dogs – Borreliosis is a Bit of a Bugger! Vaccines & Dogs – Which Ones Do They Really Need? *** To vaccinate your canine companion with Lyme disease or not to do so is a question with which many pet owners find themselves faced. Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete (spiral-shaped) bacteria called Borrelia Burgdorferi that is transmitted from the bite of an infected tick into an animal host. Prevention of Lyme disease can be accomplished by avoiding exposure to the organism by preventing the bite of Borrelia-carrying ticks (Ixodes or Deer tick). Such can occur through geographic and lifestyle modifications and topical and oral preventive medications. Lyme vaccination is available for dogs, but the decision to vaccinate your canine companion should be made while considering the below factors:

1. Geography and Climate

As Lyme disease-carrying ticks don’t thrive in all climates, your dog may live away from and never travel to an area where the disease may be encountered. Parts of the US having greatest concern include the northeastern U.S., northern mid-Atlantic region, upper Midwest, and the northern California coast. All ticks need an appropriate combination of warmth and humidity to support the tick life cycle so your place of residence, travel destination or seasonal climate may not match that in which the Deer tick prospers. If your pooch lives in or travels to the above locations of concern then being vaccinated for Lyme disease have a higher likelihood of being considered as being part of the veterinary health plan.

2. Lifestyle

If your dog lives in an environment where access to ticks is minimized then the risk of exposure to Lyme disease is minimized. Dogs living primarily indoors lifestyles with minimal contact with grass, fields, forests, marshes, swamps, etc. are less likely to be bitten by any tick, much less the Deer tick. If your dog has frequent access to the outdoors and areas where the tick lifestyle is supported then the risk of being exposed to Lyme disease is greater and vaccination may be considered.

3. Overall Health Status

Although most vaccinations available for our canine companions are generally safe, a single immunization could cause mild to severe health problems called vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAE). Mild examples of VAAE include lethargy, decrease appetite, soreness, and others. Severe examples of VAAE include anaphylaxis (allergic reaction), immune-mediated disease (IMHA, IMPA, IMT, etc.), and worsening of underlying ailments that are already present in the body. Lyme disease is the vaccine most-associated with VAAE. If your pooch currently has any significant health concerns then providing a vaccine (or more than one during a single appointment) at that time is not the appropriate plan, as doing so could increase the likelihood of VAAE. Additionally, if your dog is taking immunosuppressive therapy to control immune-mediated diseases, cancer, or other ailments then providing a vaccination may not induce a protective level of immunity or could have detrimental health effects.

4. Potential for Unreliable and Short-Lived Protective Immunity

Lyme disease vaccination is considered a Non-Core vaccination (instead of a Core vaccination, like Rabies) as the vaccine may not convey a protective level of immunity, may not protect your dog for very long (booster vaccinations are recommended every 6-12 months), and although Borrelia bacteria are zoonotic (meaning it can pass from one species to another) it will not pass to owners from contact with their canine companion; it requires the tick vector to transmit it from among hosts/species.

5. Relatively Straightforward Treatment

If your pooch develops Lyme disease there’s a high success rate in resolving clinical signs when the diagnosis is made and an appropriate course of antibiotic therapy (Doxycycline, etc.) is undertaken. Additionally, diagnosis of the disease and the cost of treatment are relatively inexpensive. —Dr. Patrick Mahaney Dr. Patrick on Facebook and Twitter Related articles: Five Signs of Lyme Disease in Dogs Lyme Disease: The Tragic Effects on Our Pets and Us *** In my opinion, the best way to protect dogs against Lyme disease is to use an effective tick preventative per label instructions. Products that contain the active ingredient fipronil, permethrin, or amitraz can all work well. In extreme cases, dogs may need to be on more than one product at a time. I had to use a monthly fipronil-based topspot and an amitraz collar on my dogs when we lived on a tick-infested farm in southeastern Virginia. Talk to your veterinarian about which option would be best based on your situation. Only when dogs are at exceptionally high risk for Lyme disease would I consider using the vaccine. Dogs who spend a lot of time outside in the Lyme hotspots of the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Upper Midwest would be candidates, but I would still emphasize the need for aggressive tick control over vaccination, even in these cases. I did vaccinate my dogs against Lyme when we lived in Virginia but stopped as soon as we moved to Wyoming. —Dr. Jennifer Coates, veterinarian, author of Dictionary of Veterinary Terms Vet-speak Deciphered for the Non-Veterinarian petMD contributor *** Does your dog need to be vaccinated against Lyme disease? The vaccination program that you and your veterinarian set up for your dog should take several things into account. This applies to all vaccines, core and noncore. For most parts of the country, Lyme disease is not endemic and so is considered a noncore vaccine. Ask yourself the following questions when considering vaccinating against Lyme disease, and answer honestly, your pet's health depends on it. Is your pet at risk of being exposed to the disease against which you are vaccinating? In the case of Lyme disease, this requires exposure to the Deer Tick, Ixodes scapularis. In spite of your answer to number one, if you live in a Lyme endemic area, your dog should be tested for exposure to Lyme Disease annually. Has it ever tested positive for exposure to Borellia burgdorferi, the bacterial agent that causes Lyme disease? Is the disease that you are vaccinating against serious? In the case of Lyme disease, it is very serious. We have seen fatal Lyme nephritis (kidney failure) at our practice. Infection with the Borellia spirochete can cause chronic debilitating lameness in dogs that are not protected. Is the vaccine that you are considering safe? In the case of Borellia vaccines, there are many safe alternatives available. Most are composed of bacterial proteins, not complete bacteria. While they may cause a local reaction (think about how your arm felt after your last flu or tetanus shot), they cannot cause Lyme disease. While serious vaccine reactions are possible, they are rare. Is the vaccine effective? While not as effective as say a canine parvovirus vaccine, the newer subunit vaccines provide a high degree of protection against a serious disease. So, if you answered yes to the above questions you should vaccinate your dog against Lyme disease. Vaccination is part of the triad of disease prevention. Tick prevention, prompt tick removal, and regular vaccination. —Dr. Keith Niesenbaum, VMD, New York, Crawford Dog and Cat Hospital Dr. Keith on Facebook and on Twitter *** Living in St. Louis, where Lyme disease is NOT the most common tick-borne disease, I advise against the Lyme vaccine. Sure, it's a great thing if you live in, say, Lyme, CT, where the disease is named after. (Lyme disease is most prevalent in the Northeast and Wisconsin). In our area, the more common disease carried by ticks is Ehrlichia. There is no vaccine for that. So, your best bet for protecting your pet against Lyme, Ehrlichia, or any of the other diseases, is to actively prevent ticks! I do not recommend the Lyme vaccine here, because your pet still will need tick protection, regardless. Nowadays there are many safe and effective products that either repel ticks or kill them before they have been able to transmit their disease (they have to feed for hours to do that!) —Dr. Karen Louis, DVM, VetChick.com Dr. Louis on Facebook and on Twitter

Dr. Patrick Mahaney